Posts now on a new site: www.hughlawrence.org

Thanks for following me on Blogger. I'm now on hughlawrence.org or hughlawrence.nz

Women's sport - what: not newsworthy?? (follow me at www.hughlawrence.org)

"Nothing makes my blood boil like when I'm told I can't do something because I'm a woman". Well said that woman co-presenter on TV3 news on Sunday evening. Her male co-presenter agreed, making a relatively soft comment about the importance of women's rights. Apparently lost on both of them and their two newsreader colleagues (well, no one said anything) was the irony of the previous sport segment of the news reporting only, and in detail, on men's sport. And that included a rugby league biting incident. The only female sport item was the very last item on a woman world champion paddle-boarder being denied access to a major event on account of her being a woman. BTW, nothing stopped any of the newsreaders making a throwaway comment about the obvious irony. Well they make such comments on the weather!!

​​MLXLS

This is not unusual. The media hype around much of men's sport means news reporting goes into increasingly extraordinary detail on their events.  How newsworthy really is a weekly shot of F1 drivers squirting champagne on each other and the crowd?

I'll keep this post short, as the issue speaks for itself. It's not new, but endures as women's sport struggles for mass media recognition and access to resources. I'll leave coaches to think about their contribution to fair treatment for women's sport. Maybe a first contribution is to raise our expectations of women and help them raise their own performance expectations. And please, none of this nonsense about men being stronger than women - so that's a reason for no profile. Women's world record snatch - Tatiana Kashirina at 155kg and a 193kg clean and jerk!

(photo source: Associated Press)

It's the putting right that counts (follow my blog on the new website www.hughlawrence.org )

A well-known New Zealand electronics retailer of the 1980s, the late Alan Martin, had a strap-line on TV adverts in which he appeared, "If it's not right, we'll put it right and it's the putting right that counts". I always thought he would have been a useful contributor to coaching conferences. He understood the importance idea of a personal commitment to service and actually putting things right. Anyway most of my younger athletes have never heard of Alan Martin!

A very large part of coaching is technical or skill correction, or a change in conditioning practice, or new ways to think. The question is, where do we start. Athletes mostly arrive with preconceived ideas about how something should be executed. When you are coaching the elite - how they execute a skill is what made them successful. Some achieve international team status by imperfect means. That creates two challenges. First, international competition is a massive leap in standard when compared to national competition.

One of my athletes came back from her first international event saying words to the effect, "I completely underestimated how tough it would be". Substitute 'fast' for 'tough' or 'intense' or 'non-stop' - athletes have different ways of describing the experience. First question is whether the athlete's technical competence can adapt to that 'intensity'. Second, if not, how willing is the athlete to adapt or modify technique to cope better with the greater demands of international competition. Third, there's a judgement call for the coach on whether the athlete's potential is more or less likely to be realised by a change.

That said, doing less of the wrong thing is not the same as doing the right thing. Your judgement is about what can be classified as "wrong". Right and wrong are not absolute. While the mechanics of great execution are largely well known, it's the ability to execute the right thing in the right way at the right time that sets our best athletes apart. That's mostly about their judgement and ability to play in the moment. A cornerstone of my coaching, however, is to ask "How much better could you be?" and "How much better do you want to be?" It's the balance of answers to both questions that clear the way ahead for a plan of action.

One (and not the only) element in my value to an athlete is if I can help to improve technical, tactical, physical and mental delivery. There's always something we can make better. Judging the balance of change(s), gaining the athlete's belief in the need and value of change and then performance are the art and science of coaching. Not easy this putting right - but it's the coaches commitment to service.

(photo source: pitch vision.com)

Michael Jordan failed: then succeeded (and new web address)

"I've failed over and over and over again in my life and that is why I succeed. And that is is why I succeed." (Michael Jordan, 1998)

This is one of Michael Jordan's best known quotes and many coaches reference it. I go further today as many young athletes already don't know much about Jordan - amazing how history seems to count for little in the online world of 'now'. But that's for another day. Back to Jordan. When I ask those athletes who know who I'm talking about, "what was Jordan's three-point shooting percentage?", many (older athletes too), suggest around 70% to 85%. Jordan's career number for three-point shooting was 32.7%! But it was the critical shots he took that reflected the trust his team had in him. Before making the comment at the start of this blog, he also said, "I've missed over 9,000 shots in my career. I've lost almost 300 games.... 26 times I've been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed." (BTW, he made 25)

But back to our day-to-day coaching. This all comes back to practice. First, training the way you want to play including the difficult or high stakes situation. There are few competition situations that cannot be simulated in training. More importantly, however, is that next phase of learning to compete. Regular and frequent competition, even early in the athlete's career, has two big benefits. First, it's what athlete's want to do! They train to play, not the other way round. Second, not all competitions are of the same importance. While I have never coached to lose, I'm aware that my athletes need to experience the mental and physical challenges that will eventually turn up, amplified in the big competitions.

This can be done by competition target setting or putting players into challenging situations. And many coaches do this. But we often forget to follow up by spending time with athletes to reflect on what happened. How did they cope? What were they thinking? Did the practice routines work? If they did, we need to reinforce them and make them stronger. If they didn't, we need to go back into the practice, set up the situation and find out what works. Thinking for success is a critical partner to the physical, technical and tactical preparation for success.

(This blog now appears on my new site: www.hughlawrence.org check it out and follow me)

(photo source: NS Butler, Getty Images)

Jordan's words quoted in Nike Culture : The Sign of the Swoosh (1998), by Robert Goldman and Stephen Papson, p. 49

"Coach - I got this"

Sometimes we need to know when to keep quiet!  We have a lot to say in practice. Skill or technical correction is a critical part of our role. And when our athletes are rehearsing or training to competition standard, we should use our moment with the athlete, because in the game they are on their own. And there's the thing. In an earlier post, I talked about the need to train the way we wish to compete, and that includes training athletes to draw on their own resources to make corrections. I do this in two ways.

First, if the workout require a set number of repetitions, let the athlete or team complete the repetitions a set of five or 10 or whatever. As a rule, I don't intervene until the set is over. Then I ask the athletes for their comments first before giving mine. We want them to learn, to make adjustments during the practice repetitions - so let them learn and adjust. Too many of us have too much to say too often.

I used the second approach today with a weightlifter. At the end of a session of squat cleans, she had arrived at a personal best by over 8kg. Quite something in itself. Having done the build up, discussed the approach, she made the attempt - and missed. Although in her sight line, I kept quiet. She wasn't looking to me, she was clearly determined to make the lift. We had focused on a specific technical element all workout. Forty seconds later, she stepped up to the bar and made the lift - a new PR - all class!

That's what competition is about, if there's no need to say anything - don't. The question we must ask ourselves, are we sufficiently self-aware to know when to remain silent? Because if you aren't, you're unlikely to read the situation where the athlete has got the situation under control. The unspoken  words today? "Coach, I got this".

​​SLXLM

Programme philosophy - the why

Coaches often talk about their philosophy. But what we often then get is less philosophical and more about 'what' coaches do. So let's look at two things. Philosophy -  put most simply, it means that approach or attitude you bring that acts as a guiding principle for behaviour. A more academic definition might come up with a study of proper behaviour and the search for wisdom. Common to all definitions is the idea of wisdom and behaviour. Of course, many philosophers came up with their 'own unique' definitions just to keep us on our philosophical toes. But for now, let's stay with the idea of behaviour.

I coach to develop players as people. Player on-court behaviour reflects their off-court behaviour and attitude. I aim to help players become better learners, better thinkers, better listeners and understand what it takes to be a winner. I apply best-evidence principles to our practice design. That means finding out what leads to learning and understanding, and to design my coaching and practices around it. Just a minute. What's that bit about "winning". Well my go to coach on this subject is John Wooden " You cannot find a player who ever played for me at UCLA that can tell you that he ever heard me mention “winning” a basketball game. He might say I inferred a little here and there, but I never mentioned winning. Yet the last thing that I told my players just prior to tip-off, before we would go on the floor, was, “When the game is over, I want your head up, and I know of only one way for your head to be up. That's for you to know that you did your best. No one can do more. . . . You made that effort.”

The British writer and thinker suggests we can spire people to great things by being clear about why we do things. If we are not clear about why we have come to practice, the cause that inspires to train and compete, then we are not clear about where we are going. And if we don't know where we are going, how will we know we've got there? I'm reminded of the high school basketball coach who drove his team hard all season long, created sophisticated practices, ran daily practices and won every game in the regular season. Upon arriving at the national championships (his clearly expressed goal for the season). He could not understand why his players seemed to lack the drive and purpose of the regular season. "We're here" he said " at the nationals... we have a chance to win". What he had not checked was his players' goals for the season. Put simply, they just wanted to make the trip, To get away from school and have a good time. Lesson? Check your players' "why"... it might be different to yours. And I'm afraid it's their motivation that counts.

Reference: John Wooden, quoted in Wienberg and Gould (2007), Foundations of Sport and Exercise Physiology.

'Secret sauce' for the teacher coach

It's common for coaches and players to think that the effective elite coach has 'secret sauce' in their coaching that lower level coaches don't. But most research into effective coaches reveals that the best coaches do basic things that all coaches do - but the best coaches do them better.

So what is the 'secret sauce'? First, international coaches are working with the very best with the goal of making them even better. In other words, those players have to learn. In the case of team sports, players have a greater chance of learning if you follow seven learning rules - which aren't so secret!

1. Let players learn by doing, not from you talking
   • reduce your talk time and get them going – it increases player time on task
   • with familiar drills set it going with two or three “cue “words
2. Repetition leads to learning
   • BUT, only perfect practice makes perfect (and permanent)
   • SO make sure you provide enough “goes” in each drill for learning to happen
3. Making mistakes is part of getting it right
   • don’t critique individual repetitions; let the drill run and make comments after everyone has had a chance to try or to work it out
4. Don’t provide all the information
   • hold some back so players have think
   • some coaches like to add an element of confusion to each drill to force players to think – just like a game
5. Take players through the base stages of skill experience:
   • uncontested walk through
   • uncontested at around 50% (applies to individual skills and team combinations)
   • uncontested at 80%-90%
   • partially (or soft defense) – allow the skill to succeed
   • intermediate defense where pressure is now applied (offensive or defensive) again allowing the skill to succeed
   • fully opposed, where the player must execute the skill in a decision-making mode (just like a game).
6. All players should expect to be spoken to personally in every session. Technical correction or refinement is core business for coaches.
7. Rules 1-6 work in harmony, they overlap and apply at all times, so: “Apply each rule without breaking any of rules 1-5.

Deterrence, doping and right actions in sport

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has responsibility for the World Anti-Doping Code (the Code). New Zealand’s own Drug Free Sport New Zealand is a government agency with responsibility (in law) for implementing the Code. If you’ve never seen the Sports Anti-Doping Act, you can find it here. And if you have never thought about Drug Free Sport, visit its website here.

All coaches should have some awareness of our anti-doping policy. But the coaching movement would be better all round, if coaches had a sound grasp of what deterrence means. In our everyday lives, we avoid acting criminally because we have all agreed that’s better for society and therefore ourselves. We are so committed to that idea, we agree to the government police force (New Zealand Police) to deal with those who break the law – policing by consent.  The prevention of doping in sport is based on a form of deterrence theory: the threat of sanctions deters prohibited behaviour. We all know that deterrents mostly fail to deter serious criminal actions. Performance enhancing drugs are mostly sourced through criminal networks. So the supply-side isn’t too interested in deterrence – they are not deterred. Why not?

Well, criminology researchers point out that deterrents are effective with certain types of offences or offenders. New Zealand’s anti-doping law and the highly intrusive nature of providing urine samples was put in place (in 1994) with the support of New Zealand’s elite athletes. So as a group, those athletes not only reject the rule breaking of dopers but agree that the law should empower government to deal with them, and in a robust way. Unfortunately, deterrence theory –the greater the likelihood of detection and severity of consequences, the deterrent effect increase – is largely incorrect. It does appear that non-legal sanctions have the greatest deterrent effect e.g. disapproval of peers, family and fans, loss of income and/or sponsorships.

So with this powerful set of forces as a backdrop, how many coaches spend time with their athletes impressing on them the importance of adhering to right behaviour – “right” meaning what we agree about how something should be done or how people should behave. All sports have rule books and most make a point about the importance of moral behaviour i.e. fair play. Most coaches address the technical side of rule breaking ‘thou shalt not double dribble, or put your foot on the line or touch the net’. And we practice assiduously to give our athletes the capability to execute those skills.

It is not clear to me that coaches, as a rule, place an emphasis on making right or moral choices in the game, shirt pulling, pushing down on the tackled player’s head as you the tackler get up,  pretending to have been pushed out of a lineout, and so on. There’s wider point here. Do we coach athletes to go to the edge of the rules envelope to gain an advantage, or do we coach them to use the rules to enable the fullest execution of their game skills? If the technical rules of the game do not act as a strong deterrent to play within them, then it’s not such a big step to take, what cyclist Tyler Hamilton referred to, that first little red pill (watch a short clip of Hamilton here).

There’s some emerging research on this subject. Early findings suggest that coaches see deterrents as less credible than athletes.  Other research indicates that athletes are interested in making moral decisions. They report that guilt and shame are in themselves a deterrent. But also that the culture of the team or training group and ‘critical incidents’ during an athletes career precipitated the decision to dope. I would argue that the stronger the moral code in training and regular competition, the stronger the deterrent effect of the Code.

(photo source: Tabata Times)

References:

Kirby, K., Moran, A. & Guerin, S. (2011). A qualitative analysis of the experiences of elite athletes who have admitted to doping for performance enhancement. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 3(2), pp205-224.

Moston, S., Engleberg, T. & Skinner, J. Athletes’ and coaches’ perceptions of deterrents to performance-enhancing drug use. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 7(4) 623-636.

The Pyramid of Success

The great UCLA basketball coach John Wooden once said that "Talent is God-given. Be humble. Fame is man-given. Be grateful. Conceit is self-given. Be careful." Great words from a legend of coaching - and not just basketball coaching. Few, if any coaches, have bestrode the coaching landscape like Wooden. While 10 NCAA National Championships in 12 years is extraordinary and unrivalled, his dedication to making the young men he coached better people is how he will be remembered. The many quotes attributed to Wooden have little to do with basketball but everything to do with character -  "Be more concerned with your character than your reputation, because your character is what you really are, while your reputation is merely what others think you are."

I've met and worked with many coaches who quote Wooden and claim his influence. Meeting the standard he set, however, is more than just quoting his words. If you accept Wooden's coaching philosophy, you have to live and operate by it. Success and failure on the training floor has to be framed by the characteristics Wooden saw as all important. His arguments have merit in a scientific view of performance. Writing training programmes and delivering coaching scientifically is not particularly difficult. We know a great deal about training volumes, intensity and recovery; about playing systems and game theory. The great coaches, however, go beyond the 'what to coach'. They have an ability to inspire athletes to go beyond what they thought possible; to commit years of their life to winning a world championships; to go where none have gone before. Invariably, their athletes talk of the personal qualities the coach displayed and lived, and how they [the athletes] became better people for knowing the coach.

The best of these coaches pay close attention to personal qualities and share their assessments with the athlete. After all, if the athlete doesn't know what the coach is looking for beyond technical skills, how can there be any improvement? Communicating those qualities must integral to training sessions and directly connected to competition performance.

Wooden's Pyramid of Success is well known. Each block of the pyramid speaks to what it takes to be successful in life by being a better person. No other coach has a legacy that goes beyond the sporting code he or she dominated. Wooden's wisdom can make us all better coaches. But before testing your delivery against the pyramid, the challenge is to ask yourself how much you are willing to change of yourself to meet Wooden's standards. In his words "It isn't what you do, but how you do it".

(photo sources: Goodreads.com, and J R Wooden)

Russian systems (2)

One of the early messages I heard from those trying to understand the Russian system of long-term athlete development was the suggestion it takes 18 years to develop and Olympic champion. Some in the West inferred that meant hot-housing talent. My sense of it was a little different. Upon close examination, that 18 year timeline included good quality physical education in schools. Programmes that ensured young children were taught basic movement skills - athletics and gymnastic movement. Today, we call that physical literacy.

From there, the Russian system did start to identify talent through a nationwide system that brought talent through youth, junior, squad programmes. From what I could deduce, there was no one fixed pathway but school sport was central. Even in the specialised sports schools, a full academic programme was followed as in a public school. Youth and junior international competition formed a pathway to a first Olympic Games. As many have observed, many medallists fail to win anything at their first Olympics. In the main, only on return attempts does medal success come. The best New Zealand example is canoeist Ian Fergusson. He went to the Montreal and Moscow Olympics before striking gold in Los Angeles and Seoul in 1984 and 1988.

All this demonstrates is the importance of playing the long game with athlete development. Our junior development coaches should be highly valued and highly skilled. They are central to a sport's athlete development system.They are setting the platform for success. And high quality school physical education is a central piece of the puzzle.

By age 10, children should be able to:

• combine movement patterns smoothly including the ability to run
• handle a variety of skills including simple gymnastic motion including rolling and balancing
• perform a basic throwing overarm and underarm throwing action
• throw and catch on the move
• strike a ball consistently with a bat or racquet
• kick and trap a kicked ball.

And BTW, no performance enhancing drugs required.👈

(photo source: World of Art)

Coaching basics (2)

Sitting at the airport on the way to coaching at Nationals, I'm reflecting on the old saying 'if it ain't broke don't fix it'. A saying that guides a lot of my coaching. I'm a detail coach. I believe that paying attention to the right details makes a significant difference to individual and team performance. BTW, I coach teams. Apparently it's fashionable to call your team or team members the 'playing group'. I put that affectation in the same category as 'awesome'!😈😈. I do coach a weightlifting group though. Now that's off my chest, back to the detail.

Introducing or teaching new skills is often an opening for coaches to describe the action in some detail and then, piece by piece walk the player through the skill - some more talk and so on. I tend to use a couple of techniques that speed up early learning with novice, intermediate or elite players. First, have you got anyone on the team or in the gym who can actually demonstrate? I used to do some myself, but time has not been kind to the body!

My instruction to watching a demonstration is to 'watch the whole movement', 'look at it in a total way and imagine yourself doing it'. after the first set of demonstrations, I repeat the instruction with the additional '....and imagine how the kills feels'. Then a second demonstration. 'Now holding all that imagination in your head, make your first attempts'.

I have always been struck by the number of athletes who succeed almost immediately. these athletes may never need correction on some aspects of the skill and their needs will be different to those who don't. I've had this work in closed skill settings (such as the Olympic lifts) and in open skill basketball plays.

But we shouldn't really be surprised. Sport participants are generally more adept and motivated than the 'non-sporty'. The athlete is often more willing to try new things and may be already granted good kinaesthetic awareness courtesy of well-selected parents!

Coaching this way means you can pay attention to fewer things and tailor training sessions to the needs of individuals. And there's a opportunity to use established protocols for the early learners to help those who haven't quite got it.

In the absence of a good demonstrator, a second strategy. I have an online library of video clips that we play through mobile phones, again using the same approach 'watch and imagine yourself doing it'. As a basketball coach I was always conscious of the old saying that it's the most over coached and under taught game in the world. I want my coaching to have immediate impact on performance. Intensive coaching input risks crowding out the critical element for athletes, the need to feel the action, to have that 'aha moment' when the instruction leads to 'I heard what you said, but now I know what you meant'

This is first application of the 'don't fix it' principle by trusting motivated athletes to get right first. Then, I can start on the detail and it's different for each. This can become 'the way we do things round here'.

 (Photo source: the Psychological game)

Thoughts on Russian athlete development (Part 1)

Earlier in September 2017, along with China, Turkey and othere, Russia was suspended from international weightlifting for one year. The International Weightlifting Federation handed down this punishment to those countries each producing three or more Anti-Doping Rule Violations in the combined reanalysis of samples from the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games.

The domination of Russia and, from time to time, other former Soviet States, in world weightlifting has two dimensions. First, the question of whether or not a State was complicit in a sports doping programme. Answers to that will play out as it may, but a second dimension risks being lost from sight.

Russia had and still has a long-standing athlete development system now massively compromised by doping. However, it may be worth looking at the development side of the equation to see what we can learn in the positive. The disappointing issue for the banned nations is that without doping, they (in particular Russia) may have dominated the sport anyway. We and they will never know.

So thinking back to when the Cold War was at its peak, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) drew on all the member States and applied sport to the political tool box abroad. The western sports world took umbrage at a early talent ID, full-time State-sponsored training and a focus on sports where it was thought the USSR (and East Germany) would win. This, we said, was not what sport was about.

How times have changed. We and most other western countries support high performance programmes with taxpayer funds, wrap-around services, long-term planning and targeting sports. And why not? It works! The more important question for me, however, was the 'development' side of the Soviet system and its design. Drugs are not a development tool! 

The issue was not that the Russian scientific approach was especially hidden. They were readily available in publications like the Soviet Sports Review (in English) and in scientific journals. Our problem was not taking the time to look and translate. 

More on the Russian approach in my next post.

(photo source: Boston University, Guided History, The Soviet Union and the Olympics)

Coaching basics (1)

I was asked recently if I could summarise the basics of coaching. My first responses were, how long have you got to hear the summary and also who is asking the question? For example, if a general practitioner were to ask a surgeon colleague about the basics of neurosurgery, it’s possible the answer might be different to the one you give your taxi driver - unless the taxi driver is a doctor waiting for qualifications to be verified (yes that happens).

This post summarises two sets of ideas that guide my daily practise, whether I’m teaching the beginner or the elite athlete.

Teaching effectiveness: there’s a lot to this topic – but five things to remember:

1  athletes learn by doing, not from coaches talking – talk less and let them do more

2. athletes learn at different rates – so don’t expect everyone to progress in parallel

3.  explain what and why as concisely as possible [see (1)]

4.  keep the first instructions simple: some athletes will get it straight away

5.  athletes want to get it right – so correct errors.

Planning: to paraphrase the great American scientist (amongst his many other talents) Benjamin Franklin, “if we fail to prepare, we prepare to fail”. Planning doesn’t guarantee success, but with no plan: how will you know you got there?

Every training session:

• has a set of goals
• is progressive (starts simply and gets more complex) – even with advanced athletes
• builds in intensity
• reflects the way we want to compete
• involves the athlete – who gets to answer questions before I give my opinion.

To this last point. It’s easy to critique, and coaches do it a lot i.e. what’s wrong or what could be improved. When things go well, however, we are often quite non-specific –‘that’s a great performance’ or ‘good job’. But I’m confident athletes are keen to know what was good or went well. If we focus on process goals to guide performance – then we should reference them in feedback.

(photo source: quotesforsmile.com)

Wheat from the chaff and other foreign phrases

At a recent weightlifting session, I pointed out to one lifter that the clean and jerk component of a competition “sorted the wheat from the chaff”. Blank look! Yet again it reminded me of how we older (mature) coaches will use phrases from our own upbringing to describe a situation or behaviour. Time and again, those phrases are not used by or outside the experience of young athletes. So it's fortunate that I picked the blank look and did not assume she knew what I meant. Ï then gave her a choice, “men from the boys”, “girls from the women”, or “weak from the strong”! – “Got it!”she said, but the moment had passed.😕

BTW, “wheat from the chaff”- it’s a centuries old farming practice, after the wheat harvest, of sorting out grain (for making flour) from the useless husk of the grain. But you already knew that.😊

Other similar phrases that ‘fell on stony ground’ (well that’s another), have been that a particular aspect of the game 'is your Achilles heel’; ‘Bob’s your uncle’(or Bob’s your father’s brother!); and in basketball, the ‘foul line’, charity stripe’; ‘down to the wire’ (sorry US readers) some of my young athletes had no idea. And ‘a road to Damascus experience’[don’t ask me how that came up at training -  but I had to explain it]. 

So to we coaches who use a lot metaphors, idioms, phrases and so on from our childhood - your athletes may nod as you say it , but do not assume they know what you are talking about. I’ve been a basketball coach and the game is full of jargon and idioms. Those players would never “run the lanes, come in on the 45, hit the foul line, crash the boards and then get out of there on D like a ‘rat up a drainpipe”.👈

(photo source: YouTube https://youtu.be/Nz5IPul3C58)

Low scores and good course management

There’s an old saying in golf, “low scores require good course management”. And mostly that means to plan and think your way around the course. Broken down that then means a plan for each hole and a set of strategies for what to do as the round unfolds. But the idea of managing your way around a course starts in practice rounds. And it’s not an idea special to golf.

I look for signs that my athletes are managing their workouts. For instance, each member of the Kiwi Barbell weightlifting squad has a prescribed programme – a plan of action? Well not quite. I expect athletes to take the session prescription to be well organised around the platform, to be clear about what the finishing weights will be, to have a consistent approach to the bar, to apply optimal recovery times. These are all skills that have to be taught and practiced. How they organise themselves through the workout to achieve their session goals - is about session management. Watch the best athletes. They are well organised and manage their training with goals in mind.

The better your players get at self-managing their training, the better they’ll be in competition, but importantly, you will freed up to do more coaching. This is about athlete accountability. Invest heavily in an expectation of session management and you’ll get much better returns downstream.

(Photo source: Football Gameplan)

Watch German weightlifter, Max Lang, in this eight minute video, managing his workout in the training hall at the 2015 World Championships Max Lang 

Old dogs and new tricks

"You can't teach an old dog new tricks". With many of us now coaching older adults who either want to learn new skills, or in one case I'm about to start, to revisit long abandoned ones. Research is clear, getting older is no reason not to learn 'new tricks'. We all know it takes a bit longer. There's a couple important ideas, however, that apply not just to older athletes but to coaches of elite athletes. First, anything that has been learned can be unlearned. That's a combination of good teaching and the athlete's desire to get better. Second, it's a judgement call for coaches whether the benefits of a skill done better outweigh the costs of doing so. Many fine athletes defy all the 'rules' of how a skill (closed or open) should be executed: famously, PGA golfer, Jim Furyk. Many world champions have become champions despite their poor form but with a will to win that overcomes other deficiencies. So that's a coaching judgement call - your ability to assess the critical or root cause fault rather than the symptom. 

Now to those older athletes. Research shows that when older (50+) athletes) get positive feedback (knowledge of results or KR) after a series of good vs poor trials. They seem to learn better. So no surprise there .... because that's what research tells us about young learners! In other words, good teaching counts whoever you are coaching. My experience tells me the way young athletes learn in class room (or in some cases struggle to learn) turns up in sports practice. Long term, bad teaching/learning experiences stay with us for years. Older athletes need plenty of reassurance that they can learn ("You're not at school any more!") - it just might take a few more trials and a few more breakdown drills. Example of that research? Clark and co-workers (2016) in a big sample in 2016 found that: "Our study demonstrated that motor learning in older adults benefited from KR as well. Although the 65year-olds in our study tended to be generally less proficient relative to the 21-year-olds in Chiviacowsky and Wulfs (2007) study, the group who was provided KR after good trials demonstrated more effective retention performance than the group who received KR after poor trials." Hmm, time to review how I'm coaching again.😔

(photo source: National Geographic Channel)

Sport, political freedom and the cost

Why do we coach? Events in sport today present us with a teachable moment.

At the 1968 Mexico Olympics, 200m Gold medallist, Tommie Smith and Bronze medallist, John Carlos, raised black-gloved fists on the medal dais in support of the civil rights struggle in America. One of Olympic history's most famous photographs tells a story of two athletes' courage. Courage that would be repaid by being sent home in disgrace and subjected to death threats. Today, Smith and Carlos are civil rights heroes. Statues of both athletes can be found at their alma mater, San Jose State University. 

This story would not be complete without mention of the Silver medallist, Australia's Peter Norman. He too, took action in support of Smith and Carlos. You can see the badge supporting civil rights on the left side of his tracksuit. He paid a great personal price, being sidelined and ignored by Australian athletics, to the point that he was given no pride of place in ceremonies surrounding the 2000 Olympics in Sydney.

I, and I hope 'we', coach athletes to be better people. To be ethical and make right decisions. And when they do, we should support them. History will not judge their critics kindly. But they will be remembered for what they did as being the right thing.

Training hard - the easy day

US Navy SEALs have a saying, "The only easy day was yesterday". The military has a long history of preparing its soldiers for combat readiness with physically and mentally demanding training regimes. The idea is that men and women of the military will learn and be conditioned to cope and, more than that - excel, under extreme physical and mental duress.

Comparisons between the military and sports training are symbolic rather than real (more on that in a future posting). Fitness is specific to what you want to be fit for. The elite marathon runner would likely excel over 26 miles and 385 yards against most SEALS. But does that make either fitter than the other? Clearly not.

The advent of Crossfit has brought us the new strap line - the "world's fittest athletes". The same question arises. Fit for what? So far, a Crossfit Games Champion has yet to win a world marathon title, and vice versa!

Training regimes must be designed to meet the physical, mental, technical and tactical demands of the sport. Sports with a high physical conditioning component will have more of the SEAL-type challenges to operating under conditions of extreme fatigue and oxygen debt. Those with a high level of technique and little speed-strength and endurance challenges - won't. 

But then again, training hour after hour, day after day, month after month and year after year, is the world of elite performers in any discipline. Ask a concert pianist, violinist etc; or a ballet dancer. They too will tell you that "the only easy day was yesterday". 

(photo source: Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre)

Motivating the new lifter - the message.

New lifter in the training hall. Two weeks in and the lifter discovers that it's not possible to lift as much as the New Zealand rep on the next platform. (really!). Or finds the snatch and clean technique tough to master. Or is intimidated by the skilled and powerful lifters around them. 

Not a new situation for many athletes and coaches meet it regularly. So what's the central message?

Well, I find it useful to remind the lifter - "Remember, even a world record holder had to lift the bar for the first time." [for 'bar' read 'golf club', 'tennis racquet', 'basketball' and so on]. It's often worth inviting the novice to ask a skilled performer how they felt when they first started. It can be reassuring.

(photo source: Hugh Lawrence collection)

Coach as a teacher (2) - Good coaches

Good coaches act like good teachers. They care about those over whom they have responsibility and constantly engage in reflection on what they do and how they do it.

Legendary US Football coach, Paul Brown, had no doubts about the teaching side of coaching[1]:

“A pro… coach is a teacher, no matter what. The players must learn. No matter what you teach, you must get people to want to learn. People think there are great mysteries attached to the game, but there are not. It comes down to fundamentals and they must be taught.

If we tell [our players] ‘why’ — and I’ve always insisted on telling my players why, why we do everything we do, whether it’s on or off the field — they are more apt to accept it and get in the spirit.”

Hall of Fame coach, Don Shula (who worked under Coach Brown early in his career), said that “Paul Brown was the greatest influence on me, especially in the teaching aspect of coaching.”

“I’ve found that answering the ‘why’ has made me a better coach. It’s not what you know but what your ball players know that counts. We make it as much like a classroom as possible, using all sorts of teaching aids, followed by practice on the field, followed by going over mistakes and improvements in the classroom.

The important thing is not what Don Shula knows or what any of my assistant coaches know. The important thing is that we can transmit to the people we’re responsible for. That’s what coaching is… the ability to transmit information.”

Novelist, Amelia Barr, once said “It is always the simple that produces the marvelous.” And good teachers keep it simple.

---

[1] Clary, J. (1976). The Game-Makers

It's all about angles

A couple of pointers:

👉Many coaches stand at the oddest angles to watch the athletes train. In competition, you mostly don't get much choice, but on the training floor, you are in charge. Pick a position where you have the best line of sight on the performance path. For instance, I watch my weightlifters from the side (to check bar path), from the back (to check extension through the shoulders) on the 45, to get a sense of foot work and heel drive) and so on. But pick the main angle for what you want to achieve in that workout.

👆👇👈👉But group/team situations are different. As well as paying close attention to individual performance, you have to 'keep an eye' on the rest. In an earlier blog, I commented on the need to be scanning the training area every minute. So keep a wide viewing angles. The athlete or group under close scrutiny should be at the centre of your field of vision, while the rest of the group is in the wide angle. This gives you the opportunity to go straight to another athlete or group and provide immediate feedback. Athletes appreciate it. It sends a message that you are paying attention whereever you are on the training floor.😍

The sayings of Coach Lawrence - "just saying"

Of course, not a lot of the standard sayings we have as coaches are original. Often we appropriate the clever words of others and use them to inspire, cajole or critique our athletes. One of the best known in that category is "winning isn't everything, it's the only thing."

The great Green Bay Packers Coach Vince Lombardi did indeed say that, but it's probable he heard it for the first time from UCLA Bruins Coach 'Red' Sanders who is reported to have said "Men, I'll be honest. Winning isn't everything......Men, it's the only thing!"

But being sure about the source of sayings isn't my main point, it's the context in which you use them that matters. My athletes are well aware of what I mean when I say "Do or do not. There is no try!" I'm not trying to channel Yoda (well, not most of the time), nor am I suggesting they're not trying. But in our squad sessions, that phrase has come to trigger thoughts of determination, a focus on success factors (process goals), the pre-performance routines and a commitment to succeed.


I'll chat about phrases I've found useful over many years, another time

Trying hard is not enough

The great inter-galactic coach, Jedi Master Yoda had it right: "Do or do not. There is no try." Trying is a default. Rarely will the best athletes say that they weren't trying. Not a good look. The odd (as in occasional rather than strange) professional tennis player has admitted to not trying. And 'tanking' is rightly frowned on across many sports. So what am I getting at?

The ideas of "try", "try your best", "try hard" are vague and fail to draw the athlete's mind on the need for a sharp focus on success factors. All athletes try and all try hard - ask them; they tell you that. But if their effort is channelled into thoughts that narrow down onto the technical element(s) that create a great performance then:

1. external and irrelevant information is excluded

2. all is in the moment

3. execution is repeating what has been practiced.

We'll have some real life examples in a future post.

Thinking about what?

"Concentrate!" "You have to get your head in the game!" and other unhelpful phrases. These vague instructions rarely work unless the athlete has a strategy and the skills to do that.  'Concentrate' is a suitcase term - lots of different meanings for different athletes. So you're on the right track but not specific enough. And as for "Get your head in the ...." What does that even mean?

So I have a few ways to deal with this subject and they come under the general heading of 'Thinking skills'. Like any skill, they have to be taught and they have to be practiced. And not just practiced now and then or in games, but a lot and in games. How many free throws do you need to get a good technique. Some coaches would say thousands. And we do know the mechanics of a good free throw. But how many times is the shooter practicing helpful thoughts to bring the percentage free throw stats' up to the high 80s and beyond.

First summary tips for closed skills (golf shot, free throw, snatch lift, tennis serve etc). Just before your step up: see yourself succeed, 'feel yourself' succeed, decide on a technical cue word (one only) and step up. Sounds simple: the idea is, the teaching is a little trickier. More in an upcoming post. 

Tailored coaching in a team or group setting

This might be an odd title. But it's a long-standing topic. How to ensure your athletes get a meaningful amount of your time in a team or group session. This is the opposite of the one-on-one or two situation, where athletes may often say, privately of course, that they probably get too much of you!!

There's a lot to say about this and I'll spread it over a few posts. The first and most important principle is that your athlete should have an expectation that you will speak to or interact with them at least once in the session. Now that does not mean you have to give quotas. Do the math, it's often not easy. But it's about the 'expectation'. If your athletes are on task then they shouldn't be looking at you. But they should be conscious that you are looking at them! Sometimes it can a just a nod, a word of encouragement, reinforcement or critique across the floor. Over time, athletes come to know whether or not you're paying attention.

So here's the first tip and a nod to the coach as a teacher. Good physical education teachers scan the whole class probably once every thirty seconds. Seem a lot? Sure is, but you get the hang of it. Good team players do it constantly to size up the situation on the field. Even when you are paying close attention to an individual or small group, position yourself so you can scan, so that your peripheral vision is working well. That way, my athletes know my radar is fully functional.

Are you a coach or a teacher?

It's a provocative title, as I've often been asked this question, or versions of it. My answer is simple. When I coach - I teach. And that's the simple answer. While the sports (or music or dance) coach is concerned with the specifics of the sport, you want something to change. A physical, technical or tactical component, a better way to think or implementing a new strategy. Whichever it is, your job is to set the scene for the athlete to learn that change and to implement it in competition. How may times have we heard coaches bemoaning their athletes' performance ? "I spent the last three weeks teaching them the play, and they haven't learned it!" Sorry coach, if they didn't learn it, then you didn't teach it. More on this in future posts.